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です・だ (desu / da)

Writer: Cozykotobar | Naoki
Cozykotobar | Naoki
Sep 11
2 min read

JLPT N5


The Japanese “is / am / are” — how to say “A is B.”


Meaning

です (polite) and だ (casual) link two things: “A is B.” They attach to nouns and な-adjectives.


Conjugation

  • Present: 学生です / 学生だ — is a student

  • Negative: 学生じゃないです / 学生じゃない — is not a student

  • Past: 学生でした / 学生だった — was a student

  • Past negative: 学生じゃなかったです / 学生じゃなかった — was not a student


Examples

私は日本語の先生です。

Watashi wa nihongo no sensei desu. — I am a Japanese teacher.


ここは私のお気に入りのカフェだ。

Koko wa watashi no okiniiri no kafe da. — This is my favorite café.


昨日は休みでした。

Kinō wa yasumi deshita. — Yesterday was a day off.


あの店はもう有名じゃない。

Ano mise wa mō yūmei janai. — That shop isn't famous anymore.


How it works

です is the polite copula you'll use most as a learner; だ is its casual form. They don't mean “to exist” (that's あります / います) — they equate two things. Note: だ is dropped after an い-adjective (高い, never 高いだ).


Compared with similar words

  • です・だ — “A is B” (equating nouns / な-adjectives).

  • あります・います — “there is / exists.”

  • い-adjectives — don't take だ (高いです, not 高いだ).


Common mistakes

  • Don't put だ after an い-adjective: ✗ 高いだ → ✓ 高い

  • Casual negative is じゃない; polite adds です: 学生じゃないです


Related grammar

  • な形容詞 — na-adjectives

  • あります・います — existence

  • 〜は — topic particle

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